Slides
Commerce
Foreign Exchange Rate – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
Slides
The foreign exchange rate, also known as the forex rate or FX rate, is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency. It is a crucial concept in macroeconomics, as it plays a critical role in international trade and finance. In this blog, we will explore the basics of foreign exchange rates and their importance in the global economy.
Foreign exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand for currencies in the global foreign exchange market. Factors that can influence the supply and demand for currencies include economic conditions, geopolitical events, and monetary policy decisions by central banks.
The value of a currency relative to other currencies can have a significant impact on international trade and investment. For example, a weaker currency can make a country’s exports more competitive in foreign markets, as they become less expensive relative to the currencies of other countries. Conversely, a stronger currency can make a country’s imports more affordable, as foreign goods become less expensive relative to the domestic currency.
Foreign exchange rates also play a crucial role in international investment. Investors who purchase assets denominated in foreign currencies, such as stocks or bonds, are subject to exchange rate risk. If the value of the foreign currency decreases relative to their home currency, the investor’s returns on their investment will be reduced.
Central banks can also influence foreign exchange rates through their monetary policy decisions. For example, if a central bank lowers interest rates, it can make the domestic currency less attractive to foreign investors, which can lead to a decrease in the value of the currency relative to other currencies. Conversely, if a central bank raises interest rates, it can make the domestic currency more attractive to foreign investors, which can lead to an increase in the value of the currency.
Foreign exchange rates can also be impacted by political events and global economic conditions. For example, a political crisis or a natural disaster in a country can lead to a decrease in the value of its currency, as investors become more risk-averse. Similarly, a strong global economic performance can lead to an increase in the value of a currency, as investors seek out higher-yielding assets.
In conclusion, foreign exchange rates are a crucial concept in macroeconomics, as they play a critical role in international trade and investment. Understanding the factors that influence foreign exchange rates and their impact on the global economy is essential for policymakers, investors, and anyone interested in international finance.
Excess Demand & Deficient Demand – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
In macroeconomics, managing aggregate demand is a critical tool for maintaining a stable economy. This is because excessive demand or deficient demand can both have negative impacts on an economy. In this blog, we will explore measures to control excess demand and deficient demand.
Measures to control excess demand:
- Monetary Policy: This is the process by which a central bank controls the money supply to achieve economic goals. The central bank can raise interest rates to discourage borrowing and spending, which reduces excess demand. Alternatively, the central bank can lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending, which stimulates demand.
- Fiscal Policy: This involves changes in government spending and taxation to achieve economic goals. The government can increase taxes to reduce disposable income and discourage spending, which reduces excess demand. Alternatively, the government can decrease taxes to increase disposable income and encourage spending, which stimulates demand.
- Supply-side policies: This involves policies designed to increase the productive capacity of an economy. For example, the government can invest in infrastructure, education, and training to improve productivity and increase the supply of goods and services. This can help to reduce excess demand by increasing the availability of goods and services.
Measures to control deficient demand:
- Monetary Policy: In cases of deficient demand, the central bank can lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending, which stimulates demand.
- Fiscal Policy: In cases of deficient demand, the government can increase spending or reduce taxes to stimulate demand.
- Public Investment: The government can invest in infrastructure, education, and training to increase productivity and stimulate demand.
- Redistribution of Income: The government can redistribute income through tax and transfer policies to increase the purchasing power of lower-income groups, which stimulates demand.
It is important to note that these measures are not mutually exclusive and can be used in combination to achieve the desired outcome. For example, during a recession, the central bank can lower interest rates to stimulate demand, while the government increases spending on infrastructure to increase productivity and stimulate demand.
In conclusion, controlling excess demand and deficient demand is essential for maintaining a stable economy. Measures to control excess demand include monetary policy, fiscal policy, and supply-side policies. Measures to control deficient demand include monetary policy, fiscal policy, public investment, and redistribution of income. By understanding these measures, policymakers can take action to maintain a stable economy and prevent recessions or inflation.
Slides
Income and Investment Multiplier – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
In macroeconomics, the income and investment multipliers are important concepts that help us understand how changes in spending can impact the overall economy. The income multiplier refers to the amount by which a change in investment or government spending changes national income, while the investment multiplier refers to the amount by which a change in investment changes national income. In this blog, we will explore the basics of these concepts and their significance in macroeconomics.
The income multiplier is a measure of the overall impact of a change in spending on national income. It is based on the idea of the circular flow of income, which shows how spending and income are interrelated in an economy. When there is an increase in investment or government spending, this creates a chain reaction of additional spending throughout the economy, as individuals and firms use their increased income to make additional purchases. The income multiplier measures the total impact of this additional spending on national income.
The income multiplier can be calculated using the formula 1/(1-MPC), where MPC is the marginal propensity to consume. The MPC refers to the percentage of additional income that is spent rather than saved, and it ranges from 0 to 1. The higher the MPC, the greater the impact of a change in spending on national income.
The investment multiplier, on the other hand, measures the impact of a change in investment on national income. It is based on the idea that investment creates new jobs and income, which then leads to additional spending and income throughout the economy. The investment multiplier can be calculated using the formula 1/(1-MPC), where MPC is the marginal propensity to save. The higher the MPC, the lower the investment multiplier, as a greater percentage of additional income will be saved rather than spent.
Both the income multiplier and the investment multiplier are important concepts in macroeconomics because they help us understand the impact of changes in spending on the overall economy. By understanding these concepts, policymakers can make informed decisions about fiscal and monetary policy, such as increasing government spending or lowering interest rates, to stimulate economic growth and prevent recessions.
In conclusion, the income and investment multipliers are important concepts in macroeconomics that help us understand the impact of changes in spending on national income. The income multiplier measures the overall impact of a change in spending, while the investment multiplier measures the impact of a change in investment. By understanding these concepts, policymakers can make informed decisions about how to stimulate economic growth and prevent recessions.
slides
Download
Aggregate Demand & Related Concepts – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
Slides
Aggregate demand and aggregate supply are fundamental concepts in macroeconomics that explain how the economy operates in the short run and the long run. These concepts help us understand the behavior of markets and the overall performance of the economy. In this blog, we will explore the basics of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, as well as their measurement in macroeconomics.
Aggregate demand refers to the total demand for goods and services in an economy at a given price level. It is the sum of consumption spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. The relationship between aggregate demand and the price level is inverse: as the price level increases, aggregate demand decreases, and vice versa. This is because as prices increase, consumers and businesses are less able or willing to spend, and so the total demand for goods and services decreases.
Aggregate supply, on the other hand, refers to the total supply of goods and services in an economy at a given price level. It is the sum of the output produced by all firms in the economy. The relationship between aggregate supply and the price level is positive: as the price level increases, aggregate supply increases, and vice versa. This is because as prices increase, firms are more willing and able to produce more output, as they can earn more revenue per unit of output produced.
The intersection of aggregate demand and aggregate supply determines the equilibrium price level and output level in the economy. At this point, the total quantity of goods and services demanded by consumers and businesses is equal to the total quantity of goods and services produced by firms. This is known as the macroeconomic equilibrium.
The measurement of aggregate demand and aggregate supply in macroeconomics is done using various tools and techniques. One such tool is the use of macroeconomic models, such as the IS-LM model and the AD-AS model, which help us understand the behavior of the economy in the short run and the long run. These models incorporate various factors that can affect aggregate demand and aggregate supply, such as changes in consumer and business confidence, changes in government spending and taxation, and changes in the international trade environment.
Another technique used to measure aggregate demand and aggregate supply is the use of macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, inflation, and unemployment. These indicators provide a snapshot of the overall performance of the economy and can help policymakers identify areas where intervention may be necessary to stimulate economic growth or reduce inflationary pressures.
In conclusion, aggregate demand and aggregate supply are fundamental concepts in macroeconomics that help us understand the behavior of markets and the overall performance of the economy. The measurement of these concepts is done using various tools and techniques, such as macroeconomic models and indicators. By understanding the relationship between aggregate demand and aggregate supply, policymakers can make informed decisions to promote economic growth and stability.
Money and Banking – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
Money
Money is a critical concept in macroeconomics, as it plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Macroeconomics is the study of the behavior of the economy as a whole, and money is one of the primary tools used to measure economic activity and to facilitate transactions within the economy.
In macroeconomics, money is defined as anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and store of value. This can include physical currency, such as coins and paper bills, as well as digital forms of money, such as bank deposits, credit cards, and electronic transfers.
The concept of money in macroeconomics is closely linked to the idea of liquidity, which refers to the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash without losing its value. Money is the most liquid asset in an economy, as it can be easily exchanged for goods and services without losing value. This liquidity makes money an essential tool for facilitating transactions in an economy, as it provides a common medium of exchange that can be used to buy and sell goods and services.
One of the primary functions of money in macroeconomics is to serve as a measure of economic activity. The amount of money in circulation in an economy is often used as an indicator of the level of economic activity, as it reflects the amount of spending and investment taking place within the economy. Changes in the amount of money in circulation can have a significant impact on the overall health of the economy, as it can affect the level of inflation, interest rates, and other economic indicators.
Money also plays a crucial role in the functioning of financial markets in macroeconomics. Financial markets are where buyers and sellers come together to trade financial assets such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives. These markets rely heavily on money as a medium of exchange, as it is used to purchase these financial assets. The availability of money in financial markets can have a significant impact on the prices of financial assets, as investors will typically be willing to pay more for assets when money is readily available.
Finally, money is an essential tool for monetary policy in macroeconomics. Monetary policy is the process by which central banks manage the supply of money and credit in an economy to achieve certain economic objectives, such as low inflation, stable economic growth, and low unemployment. Central banks can use various tools to influence the supply of money in an economy, such as adjusting interest rates, controlling the money supply, and engaging in open market operations. These tools can have a significant impact on the overall health of the economy, as they can affect the level of spending, investment, and inflation.
In conclusion, money is a crucial concept in macroeconomics, as it plays a central role in the functioning of modern economies. Money serves as a medium of exchange, the unit of account, and store of value, and it is used to measure economic activity, facilitate transactions, and manage monetary policy. Understanding the role of money in macroeconomics is essential for policymakers, investors, and anyone interested in the overall health of the economy.
Banking
Banking is a fundamental concept in macroeconomics, as it plays a critical role in the functioning of modern economies. In macroeconomics, banking refers to the activities of financial institutions, such as banks, that collect deposits from individuals and businesses and use these funds to make loans and investments.
The banking system is a key component of the financial system in macroeconomics, which encompasses all the institutions and markets that facilitate the transfer of funds between savers and borrowers. Banks are among the most important financial institutions in the financial system, as they provide a variety of services that are essential for the functioning of the economy.
One of the primary functions of banks in macroeconomics is to provide a safe and convenient way for individuals and businesses to store and access their money. Banks offer a range of deposit accounts, such as checking accounts and savings accounts, that allow customers to deposit their funds and withdraw them as needed. These deposit accounts also often come with other services, such as online banking and mobile banking, which make it easier for customers to manage their money.
Another critical function of banks in macroeconomics is to make loans and investments. Banks use the funds collected from depositors to make loans to individuals and businesses, which are then used to finance various activities, such as home purchases, business expansions, and infrastructure projects. Banks also invest their funds in a variety of financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds, which can generate income and help to diversify their portfolios.
The lending and investing activities of banks are important drivers of economic growth in macroeconomics. By providing access to capital, banks help to stimulate investment and entrepreneurship, which can lead to increased economic activity and job creation. At the same time, banks must manage their lending and investing activities carefully to avoid excessive risk-taking and potential financial instability.
The banking system also plays a crucial role in the implementation of monetary policy in macroeconomics. Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States, use a variety of tools to manage the money supply and control inflation. One of these tools is the interest rate, which is the rate at which banks can borrow money from the central bank. By adjusting the interest rate, central banks can influence the lending and investing activities of banks, which can have a significant impact on the overall level of economic activity.
In conclusion, banking is a fundamental concept in macroeconomics, as it plays a critical role in the functioning of modern economies. Banks provide a range of services that are essential for the management of money, the financing of economic activity, and the implementation of monetary policy. Understanding the role of banking in macroeconomics is essential for policymakers, investors, and anyone interested in the overall health of the economy.
National Income – Economics Class 12 Slides – Bharat Anuragi
National income is a key concept in macroeconomics that measures the total income earned by a country’s citizens, businesses, and government within a given period of time. It is an important indicator of a country’s economic performance and is used by policymakers to formulate economic policies. In this blog, we will explore the basics of national income and its measurement in macroeconomics.
National income is the sum of all income earned within a country’s borders during a specific period of time, usually a year. It includes income earned by individuals, businesses, and the government from various sources, such as wages, salaries, profits, and taxes. National income is typically measured using two methods: the income approach and the expenditure approach.
The income approach to measuring national income adds up all the income earned by households, businesses, and the government during the given period. This includes wages and salaries, rental income, profits, and interest income, among others. The total income earned by all individuals and businesses in the country is then adjusted for taxes, subsidies, and other factors to arrive at the country’s net national income.
The expenditure approach to measuring national income adds up all the spending by households, businesses, and the government during the given period. This includes consumption spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. The total expenditure is then adjusted for imports and other factors to arrive at the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), which is a measure of the total output of goods and services produced within the country’s borders.
In macroeconomics, national income is used as a key indicator of a country’s economic performance. A higher national income generally indicates a stronger and more prosperous economy. It is also used to compare the economic performance of different countries and to identify trends and patterns in the global economy.
The measurement of national income is not without its limitations and challenges. One of the key challenges is the measurement of non-market activities, such as household production and volunteer work. These activities are not included in the national income accounts, but they can still have a significant impact on the economy and on people’s lives.
Another challenge is the measurement of the underground economy, which refers to economic activities that are not recorded in official statistics. These activities can include illegal activities, such as drug trafficking and prostitution, as well as legal activities that are not reported for tax purposes.
In conclusion, national income is a critical concept in macroeconomics that measures the total income earned by a country’s citizens, businesses, and government within a given period of time. It is used as a key indicator of a country’s economic performance and is measured using the income and expenditure approaches. While there are challenges to measuring national income accurately, it remains a valuable tool for understanding the global economy and formulating economic policies.
Financial Market Management (PYQ) Previous Year Questions Class 12 CBSE
Financial Market Management (FMM) is a subject offered in the Commerce stream of class 12th in some Indian education boards such as the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and some state boards.
The FMM course covers topics related to financial markets, investments, and financial institutions. The aim of the course is to provide students with a basic understanding of how financial markets work and how they can make informed investment decisions.
Some of the topics covered in the FMM course include:
- Financial Markets: Types of financial markets, securities traded in the market, and market intermediaries.
- Investment: Different types of investments, their features, and risks associated with them.
- Mutual Funds: Types of mutual funds, their features, and how to evaluate mutual fund performance.
- Insurance: Types of insurance, their features, and how to evaluate insurance products.
- Financial Planning: Importance of financial planning, basic principles of financial planning, and different investment options available.
- Financial Analysis: Analysis of financial statements and financial ratios.
The FMM course can be useful for students who are interested in pursuing careers in finance, banking, and investments. The course can also help students to make informed investment decisions and manage their personal finances effectively.
DOWNLOAD
PYQ
Entrepreneurship class 12 Previous 10 Year Question Paper
entrepreneurship question papers and answers pdf
entrepreneurship question papers and answers pdf class 12
sample paper entrepreneurship class 12
entrepreneurship question papers and answers pdf class 12
entrepreneurship question paper with case study
entrepreneurship question paper 2021
entrepreneurship class 12 cbse question paper 2021 with answer key
class 12 entrepreneurship previous year question paper
class 12 entrepreneurship previous year question paper 2022
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2021
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2020
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2019
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2018
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2017
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2016
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2015
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2014
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2013
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2012
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2011
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2010
entrepreneurship class 12 previous year question paper 2012
Which Type of Problems faced by Students in class 12th Accounts
There are several types of problems that students in class 12th accounts may face, some of which include:
Difficulty in understanding the concepts: Accountancy is a subject that requires a good understanding of various financial concepts and principles such as the double-entry system, bookkeeping, accounting ratios, and financial statements. Students may find it difficult to understand these concepts due to their complexity or because they are not being explained in a way that the student can understand. This can lead to confusion and difficulties in solving problems, and ultimately, in understanding the subject.
How to solve the Accounts Question paper for class 12th CBSE to score 90+ Marks ?
Solving an accountancy question paper for class 12th can be a challenging task, but with proper preparation and strategy, you can score well in your exams.
Read the question paper carefully: Before you start answering any question, it is important to read the question paper carefully and understand the instructions. Make sure you know the number of questions to be answered, the marks allocated for each question, and the time duration.
Career fields in Science stream with Maths
The Science stream with Mathematics is one of the most popular choices for students after 10th class in India. It offers a wide range of career options in fields such as engineering, technology, and the sciences. These fields are in high demand and offer excellent job prospects and salary
Career options in Commerce Stream in India
The Commerce stream is one of the most popular choices for students after 10th class in India. It offers a wide range of career options in fields such as accounting, finance, and business management. These fields are in high demand and offer excellent job prospects and salary packages. In this article, we will explore some of the career options available to students who choose the Commerce stream in India.
One of the most popular career options in the Commerce stream is Chartered Accountancy. Chartered Accountants (CA) are responsible
What to choose after the 10th class? Art, Science, or Commerce?
The decision of what to choose after 10th class in India can be a daunting one for many students. The choice of stream or field of study can have a significant impact on a student’s future career prospects, and it’s essential to make an informed decision. In this blog, we will explore the different options available to students after 10th class in India and the factors to consider when making a decision.
The first and most common choice for students after 10th class in India is
This article will help you to Overcome a Lack of Motivation or Interest in Studies
Lack of motivation or interest in studies is a common problem faced by many students, especially during their high school years. It can lead to poor academic performance, low self-esteem, and even depression. So, it is essential to understand the causes of this problem and find ways to overcome it.
How to Handle Distractions for students?
Distractions are a common problem for students, as they can make it difficult to stay focused and motivated during their studies. Whether it be technology, social media, or other external factors, distractions can cause students to lose valuable study time and negatively impact their academic performance. In this blog, we will discuss some practical ways to handle distractions for students.
Create a distraction-free study environment:
The first step in handling distractions is to create a distraction-free study environment. This means finding a quiet and comfortable place to study, such as a library or a dedicated study room, and eliminating any unnecessary distractions, such as turning off your phone or closing unnecessary tabs on your computer.
How to Manage Time for Studies? Time management Techniques for students
Time management is an essential skill that students need to master in order to be successful in their studies. With so many tasks and responsibilities to juggle, such as classes, homework, studying, extracurricular activities, and social life, it can be challenging for students to prioritize and make the most of their time. In this blog, we will discuss some time management tips for students that can help them to be more productive and efficient in their studies.
1. Make a schedule:
One of the most effective ways to manage your time is to make a schedule. By creating a daily or weekly schedule, you can plan your tasks and activities in advance, which can help you to stay on track and avoid procrastination. When making a schedule, make sure to include time for studying, homework, classes, extracurricular activities, and social life. Also, make sure to include time for breaks and leisure activities, as this will help you to stay refreshed and motivated.
2. Set specific and measurable goals:
Setting specific and measurable goals can help you to stay focused and motivated. When setting goals, make sure they are realistic and achievable, and set deadlines for when you want to achieve them. For example, instead of setting a goal to “study more,” set a goal to “study for 3 hours every day.” This will give you a clear and measurable goal to work towards.
Study Related Issue of Students During Exam
Exams are a critical and stressful time for students. The pressure to perform well and the fear of failure can lead to various study-related issues that can negatively impact their performance. In this blog, we will discuss some of the most common study-related issues that students face during exams and ways to overcome them.
Time management:
Many students find it difficult to manage their time effectively, leading to procrastination and wasted time on non-important tasks. To overcome this issue, students should make a study schedule and stick to it. They should also set specific and measurable goals for each study session and break down large tasks into smaller chunks.
CBSE 12th board Exam 2022-23 admit card Release Date
The CBSE 12th board exams are one of the most important and decisive phases of a student’s academic journey. The admit card is an essential document that students need to present on the day of the exam. The CBSE 12th board exam 2022-23 admit card release date is an important piece of information that students must be aware of.